ANDREW W. MELLON FOUNDATION/ACLS DISSERTATION COMPLETION FELLOWSHIPS, the first part of the MELLON/ACLS EARLY CAREER FELLOWSHIPS PROGRAM, began in the 2006-07 competition. These year-long fellowships support of PhD dissertation completion in the humanities and related social sciences. The total award of up to $33,000 includes a stipend plus additional funds for university fees and research support. Under this program, ACLS will award 65 Fellowships to graduate students, who will be expected to complete their dissertations within the period of their fellowship tenure or shortly thereafter.
http://www.acls.org/ecfguide.htm

HENRY LUCE FOUNDATION/ACLS PROGRAM IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND EARLY HISTORYoffers fellowships for postdoctoral and dissertation research and grants for advanced training, translation of significant scholarly texts, and participation in summer fieldschools. Awards will be made to scholars from East/Southeast Asia and the United States/Canada. Research may concern historical or pre-historic periods, but must be based on excavated materials. Proposals for collaboration with colleagues and institutions across regions are especially encouraged. This program is conducted in cooperation with a competition for institutional awards administered by the Henry Luce Foundation's Asia Program.
http://www.acls.org/eaaeh.htm

HENRY LUCE FOUNDATION/ACLS DISSERTATION FELLOWSHIPS IN AMERICAN ART are designated for doctoral students at US institutions in any stage of dissertation research or writing. These year-long fellowships support dissertations on topics in the history of visual arts of the United States (focused on art objects) and provide a stipend of $25,000.
http://www.acls.org/luceguid.htm

(NASA)  National Aeronautics and Space Adminstration  Grants and Fellowships
Provides NASA funding for space-related research. http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/postsecondary/grants/index.html

National Science Foundation
Graduate Research Fellowship Program
The purpose of the National Science Foundation's Graduate Research Fellowship Program is to ensure the vitality of the human resource base of science and engineering in the United States and to reinforce its diversity. The program recognizes and supports outstanding graduate students in the relevant science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines who are pursuing research-based master's and doctoral degrees, including women in engineering and computer and information science. NSF Fellows are expected to become knowledge experts who can contribute significantly to research, teaching, and innovations in science and engineering. These individuals will be crucial to maintaining and advancing the nation's technological infrastructure and national security as well as contributing to the economic well-being of society at large.
So that the nation can build fully upon the strength and creativity of a diverse society, the Foundation welcomes applications from all qualified individuals and strongly encourages women, minorities, and persons with disabilities to compete fully in this program.
http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=6201